The Basic Unit of Life Essay Example for Free

The Basic Unit of Life Essay One of the hallmark characteristics of living things is that they perform chemical reactions. These reactions are collectively known as metabolism. Cells, the basic units of life, can perform many of these metabolic reactions. In a multicelled organism, the cells group together to form tissues that perform the same functions. Tissues group together to form organs, and finally, several organs exist together in a system. In this lesson, we will see how and why this hierarchy is established. The Basic Unit of Life All organisms from the smallest single-celled protists to huge whales and giant redwood trees are based on tiny microscopic cells. The types and number of cells may vary, but the cell is the basic unit of life. The cell is the minimum amount of organized living matter complex enough to carry out the functions of life as outlined in Lessons 1 and 2. In the most basic sense, a cell is made of a gelatinous living substance we call protoplasm, which contains many small structures, all surrounded by a membrane. Cell Structure The cell membrane separates the living cell from the rest of the environment. However, this membrane is not just a static solid wall. It must allow food molecules and oxygen to enter and wastes to exit. Thus, the cell membrane is semipermeable because it allows some things to pass through, but not others. It must also communicate and associate with the membranes of other cells. Inside the cell membrane is a substance called protoplasm in which many tiny structures called organelles (because they act like small versions of organs) are suspended. Some of the more important organelles and their functions are listed in the following table

Genie: Social Isolation :: Free Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This was one of the most interesting cases in my opinion, which we have so far learned about. It was amazing to me first of all how a person could go undetected in those conditions for that amount of time. It was also extremely mind boggling how people could treat their own child like that, which really made me wonder the type of morals and views that those parents were brought up with. It made me extremely sad to realize all of the wonders of life that Genie was deprived of. She had been locked in that room for over ten years, which means she was practically nonexistent to the world, and had never experienced things we all take for granted every day. I truly do not know how she survived in that type of torturous confinement for ten years. However, it was encouraging to see the efforts of all the people who truly became wrapped up in Genie’s case, and the hope that she would have a learning capacity. It was amazing to me to know that she was really a fourt een year old girl, yet to hear her speak she sounded like a toddler. I found it interesting to see her progress from knowing no English words, to being fascinated by the labeling with words of all the new objects around her. It seemed to me as if she knew a language existed for everything, but was frustrated because she could not realize her goal and put words to objects quickly enough. I found it interesting to see Genie pick up the patterns of language recognition, but not commonly as it happens in children, however, it seemed as though you were teaching an old dog new tricks. I was disappointed at the ending of the film, because for me there was no good conclusion, or happy fairy tale ending that I expected.

Children relationship with adults

By considering children age groups and cultural differences, I shall explore the various approaches taken to building relationships with adults at different stages and discuss the influences and effects it has on a child's development. I will also demonstrate the ways in which understanding children's development contributes to building positive and successful relationships. Children have emotional needs and are able to express and communicate them from birth. As research has shown â€Å"In order to have a secure base from which to explore the world, be resilient to stress, and form meaningful relationships with adults, babies need a primary adult who cares for them in sensitive ways and who perceives, make sense of the responds to their needs†. This attentiveness approach of interaction in a child's early stages of development forms a bond of trust, promoting confidence and self-esteem within the child, which would contribute in building meaningful relationships with adults around him/her. (from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/parenting_bonding_reactive_attachment_disorder.m) However, different circumstances and experiences do not always allow adults to respond to the child's needs accordingly, which can have a huge influence on a relationship. For example, Charlotte had a traumatic start in life as a consequence of her parent's separation shortly after her birth. She was frequently moved between the two parents and lacked the appropriate care and attention she needed in order to form a secure bond. Her parent's â€Å"were too busy fighting and arguing†¦..to worry about the children,† Charlotte's mother, Emma, recalls. Emma also assumed and hoped that Charlotte â€Å"won't remember that far back†¦.because she was too young†, which indicates Emma's limited knowledge and understanding of child development. As the relationship between Emma and Charlotte was unpredictable, inconsistent and unstable, it resulted in Charlotte feeling very insecure and uncertain of her mother's love. As we learn from ‘The Strange Situation Test' (Understanding Children (2007) DVD Band 2) and by the age of two, Emma describes their relationship as â€Å"a constant battle of wills†. Young children are subject to constant and inevitable changes, which would influence their development. For instance, the transaction of children into the reception class in school is a major change, where the expectations and values they gained at home are challenged (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.86). This can have a negative affect on a relationship between a child and his carer, where the child is struggling to adjust to its new surroundings and his/hers behaviour becoming challenging, since many children become unsettled when starting school. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.63). As young children at this stage of development have limited experiences, talking about their feelings, their fears and concerns can come out in ways that can be misunderstood and misinterpreted by the adult as misbehaving. For example, Ryan's reluctance to keep to a specific bedtime caused problems in the relationship with his parents. During the parent strategies exploration of responses to deal with the child's difficulty, Jodie and Eamon's approaches to the ‘problem' were different. Initially they inflicted power over Ryan by threatening to smack him, shouting and punishing him, which resulted in a conflict in their relationship. On seeking advice, they discovered a more collaborative approach, such as spending special time with Ryan before bedtime. By doing so, it promoted his confidence and encouraged him to express his feelings, which enabled Jodie to have a better understanding of Ryan's thinking process. This account demonstrates the significance of experiences that occur in a child's life, which should not be underestimated by the adult. It also shows, that in order to resolve family conflict it is best to have a direct and open communication where young children are concerned, which helps in achieving a successful relationship. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.84-85) As with the parents, schools also have a responsibility to deal with children's emotional welfare, as well as their physical health and are encouraged to do so by using activities, which enable children to understand their own feelings and by building their confidence to learn, such as ‘circle time'. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.105 {DfEE, 1999, p.16}) This approach focuses on the children themselves, contributing to their self-esteem through development of their listening, speaking and co-operation skills. By using this activity the children's relationship with their teacher is built on trust and respect. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.106) As children grow and become young people, they are expected to take on more responsibilities at home as well as spend more time on schoolwork. Involving children with different chores around the household would help them gain independency by developing a range of skills. Activities' such as, cooking, cleaning, shopping and even looking after other members of the family, helps children develop their communication, intellectual, self-help and practical skills. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.144) In considering cultural differences, South Asian children are also expected to contribute to the family economy, which helps to develop their business skills. For instance, Sammy is expected to help out in the family take-away business and accepts this as part of her cultural up bringing. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.137). Furthermore, in societies where the main concern of the family is survival due to poverty, children work alongside adults by necessity (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.65) as we can learn from Bilkis's and Tinco's daily lives. (Understanding Children {2007} DVD band 6) However, with these great expectations of expanding children's responsibilities, parents are still reluctant to involve children with matters that affect their lives due to their limited life experiences. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.116-117) Nevertheless, studies have shown that by this age, children understand and accept the complexities of family life and want to be part of this, by being consulted and want to participate in decisions making. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.133). Therefore, in order to maintain a successful relationship, it is crucial for adults to understand children's needs as well as their responsibilities by maintaining an open communication and not taking children's contributions to family life for granted. Conclusion Building successful relationships with children is a complex process. It requires patience and attentive care by adults from infancy through to adulthood. By understanding normal child development, it enables the adult to respond to the child's need positively and establish a secure attachment. Furthermore, as children are subjected to constant changes, their adjustment to these changes is determined by understanding, the expectation and approaches of the adult, in order for the child to deal and respond positively. To achieve this, adults must maintain open and consistent communication, which will contribute to the child's confidence and self-esteem where they will feel valued and important members of society. Therefore, to achieve successful relationships with children, it is crucial for caretakers to have an understanding of child development. Word count: 1,144 Task 2 Since I started this course, I feel that my organisational and efficiency skills have improved through learning to work under pressure and to a deadline in producing and submitting an assignment. I must say that during this course, the concept and understanding of academic studies, such as writing and structure of an essay, was a real eye opener for me, as in my past studies where children are concerned, my written evidence findings were based on own practice and personal experiences. The strengths of my study skills are in understanding the written materials. Being a single mother, I not only relate to the course subject ,but I have also gained positive and negative feedback from my own experiences in raising two young boys from the given information, as I am essentially living and practising it. With the help of my tutor's written and telephone feedback, my academic writing skills have improved considerably from the first to the second essay. However, I feel I have only touched the surface and still find it difficult to gather and select relevant evidence to back up my work, which I consider to be my weakness. In order to make further improvements, I would like to continue to undertake further relevant academic courses and develop my confidence with writing skills, as it is said, ‘practice makes perfect!'.

BP Amoco Case Group 1 AM Edits - 2250 Words

BP/Amoco Merger Case Group 1 Keshavaraja Alive Stephen Felkins Therese Jackson Andrea Marrical Eric Weiss Executive Summary Prior to the merger between BP and Amoco in 1998, both companies had very similar operating characteristics and performance. Both companies engaged primarily in the same three businesses and experienced close to the same percentages of revenue and percentages of operating income for each of those businesses. A key difference however waswere that BP concentrated their operations predominantly in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe whereas Amoco concentrated their operations heavily in the United States. Furthermore, before 1992, BP experienced drastically declining†¦show more content†¦Again similar to exploration and production, Amoco operated solely in the United States. Both BP and Amoco had a very large number of retail outlets in which the companies sold petroleum products to, 8,200 and 9,300 outlets respectively. However, uUnlike exploration and production activities however, refining and marketing activities accounted for a large percentage of revenues, 81 and 63 percent respectively, but only a small percentage of company operating income, 21 and 19 percent respectively. Realizing that this segment was not very profitable in comparison to exploration and production, BP made the decision to reduce its interests in refining and marketing. The third business that both BP and Amoco separately engaged in prior to the merger was the production of petrochemicals. BP had operations for this segment more widespread than the others and distributed to over 60 countries. Amoco, on the other hand, concentrated heavily in the United States staying consistent with the other two businesses. Revenue percentages for petrochemicals were very low for both companies, but operating income percentages were as well; 7 and 11 percent respectively for BP and 16 and 16 percent respectively for Amoco. There are a few differences in the pre-merger incentive programs for executives at BP and Amoco. Prior to the merger, the compensation of Amoco executives was much

Personal Reflection - 756 Words

Personal reflections are characterized as learning through experience in gaining new insights and changed perception of self and practices. Reflection can be a difficult experience without the support and guidance of an expert (Johns, 2004). This personal reflection presents an exciting opportunity for me to consider how successful my placement in the intermediate care has been in terms of my own personal learning. By reflecting on the positive aspects of the placement, I will be able to make sense of my personal learning and apply what I have learnt into future careers. At the beginning of my placement I knew very little about intermediate care or services it provided regarding alternatives to hospital care for elderly patients. In†¦show more content†¦Patients are assessed by nursing staff and other professionals such as a physiotherapist and occupational therapist collaborating, as to whether a patient would need a care package in place, where possible patients are kept at home with support to assist with personal care. One particular day I was able to take part in an assessment with my mentor and an occupational therapist, the patient was assessed and it was clear that the patient was not coping well at home, a family member was present and were worried and anxious that the patient was unsafe at home and might be at risk of falling, therefore, extra support where needed. The patient was anxious and was unsure about leaving their home, however, my mentor and myself reassured the patient that intermediate care was for a short period of time and she would be able to go back home, eventually with lots of reassurance the patient was transferred to a localitys center, qualified staff at the center were able to continue therapy programs. On reflection, I was pleased the patient got the help that were needed and that the intermediate care, intensive rehabilitation service is an important part of supporting older people to regain their health and independence after major surgeryShow MoreRelatedPersonal Reflection And Development Plan1431 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Reflection and Development Plan Reflective practice has helped many people to improve their learning. It is a valuable tool often used by healthcare and education providers to improve their approach to work by questioning their actions. 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This reflective report shall discuss, analyse and ev aluate my own personal development throughoutRead MorePersonal Reflection Paper1371 Words   |  6 PagesThat is why Id like to take the time to explain a few important topics on invidious comparison and vicarious traumatization, such as; how to stop invidious comparison, identify strategies that I currently use to avoid vicarious traumatization in my personal life, how those strategies will help me avoid vicarious traumatization as a human service worker and what strategies I could develop to avoid it as well. I myself have compared myself to others at such a level that it did damage to my own self-esteemRead MorePsychology Personal Reflection Essay964 Words   |  4 PagesCemetery Visit Death comes to everyone human being living on the planet. I view death in two ways the first one is a long-lived life where the person enjoyed their life and die of natural causes. The second one is a short-lived life they did not get to enjoy the life to which it was given to but taken away by an unforeseen cause. Visiting this cemetery brings me sadness and a eerie feeling, the weather is overcast cloudy and very cold, I can see sun rays ahead of me peaking throughRead MorePersonal Reflection Paper on Health Dimension Goals1109 Words   |  5 Pagestime management skills, and maintaining a life balance of both my academics and my social life. Physical wellness doesn’t only involve aspects of life that are necessary to keep yourself in top condition, but it is also concerned with developing personal responsibility for your own health care. Working out, together with eating well isn’t all you need to do to achieve physical wellness. You must also sleep the recommend hours of sleep and receive regular check ups for you Physician. The physicalRead MoreReflection On Personal Reflection1307 Words   |  6 PagesPERSONAL REFLECTION 2 PERSONAL NARRATIVE This assignment seems to be the most difficult to write because it will encompass a wealth of information. The most important part of this assignment is the opportunity to reflect on the course assignments and the impact this foundational base will have for future classes. Every event in life has to start somewhere and this start sets the stage forRead MorePersonal Reflection786 Words   |  4 Pages My Reflection Paper As relational human beings, people communicate with each other both verbally and nonverbally. Therefore, communication constitutes an important and unavoidable aspect of one’s daily life. Because of communication’s importance, it is beneficial for individuals to investigate their own communication strengths and weaknesses. 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Adoption Causes Grief By Haley Peck - 2361 Words

Adoption Causes Grief Haley Peck Caledonia Mumford High School Abstract An unborn child stays in their mother’s womb for approximately 9 months. During that time, they make an unbreakable connection with each other. When adoption takes place at any age of the adoptees life, it is difficult for both the mother and child. When infants are abandoned, or feel that they are being abandoned, it causes them to grow up with many unresolved issues. This is because the first thing they learn about life is that it is lonely and hostile, unlike their mother’s womb. This can cause adoptees to grow up with many psychological issues and the major one is grief. They grieve the loss of their birth mother and the life that they could have lived. No matter how dedicated an adoptive mother is, she can never fill that void. Discussion Adoption is an amazing process and it is strongly encouraged in our country. However, adoptees face several psychological issues, including grief. The biological mother and child have a very strong bond and, when broken, it leaves the child with many unresolved issues. When the baby is in the fetal stage, the mother is the whole world for the baby and completely supports the fetus. After the baby is born, maintaining that connection is needed for the infant to feel a sense of well-being and wholeness. Following an adoption, the infant often feels helpless, empty, hopeless, and alone. This is because the baby is missing something which is

Capital Gains Tax Assignment Free Sample

Questions: Dave Solomon is 59 years of age and is planning for his retirement. Following a visit to his financial adviser in March of the current tax year, Dave wants to contribute funds to his personal superannuation fund before 30 June of the current tax year. He has decided to sell the majority of his assets to raise the $1,000,000. He then intends to rent a city apartment and withdraw tax-free amounts from his personal superannuation account once he turns 60 in August of the next year. Dave has provided you with the following details of the assets he has sold: (a) A two-storey residence at St Lucia in which he has lived for the last 30 years. He paid $70,000 to purchase the property and received $850,000 on 27 June of the current tax year, after the real estate agent deducted commissions of $15,000. The residence was originally sold at auction and the buyer placed an $85,000 deposit on the property. Unfortunately, two weeks later the buyer indicated that he did not have sufficient funds to proceed with the purchase, thereby forfeiting his deposit to Dave on 1 May of the current tax year. The real estate agents then negotiated the sale of the residence to another interested party. (b) A painting by Pro Hart that he purchased on 20 September 1985 for $15,000. The painting was sold at auction on 31 May of the current tax year for $125,000. (c) A luxury motor cruiser that he has moored at the Manly Yacht club. He purchased the boat in late 2004 for $110,000. He sold it on 1 June of the current tax year to a local boat broker for $60,000. (d) On 5 June of the current tax year he sold for $80,000 a parcel of shares in a newly listed mining company. He purchased these shares on 10 January of the current tax year for $75,000. He borrowed $70,000 to fund the purchase of these shares and incurred $5,000 in interest on the loan. He also paid $750 in brokerage on the sale of the shares and $250 in stamp duty on the purchase of these shares. Dave has contacted the ATO and they have advised him that the interest on the loan will not be an allowable deduction because the shares are not generating any assessable income. Answers: Part 1: Facts - The following are the details of Mr. Dave assets: A residential property that is, a house in which he lived for the past thirty years, sold it on the date 27 June, 2016 for $850,000, and the price for which it was bought was 70,000 dollars. The agent charged commission on it for $15,000. The initial buyer forfeited 85,000 dollars to the concerned person Dave since the trade was ended. The painting was bought for $15,000 on 20 September, 1985 and sold for $125,000 Sold Motor Cruiser at $60,000 and the price for which it was bought was 110,000 dollars in 2004 The shares of the mining company were advertised for the price of 80,000 dollars and were purchased at $75,000 in the present tax year. The stamp duty on purchase was for $250 and the brokerage cost on sale for $750. The dividends were bought through rented funds for 70,000 dollars and interest was paid on $5000. Capital failure was brought for10,000 dollars. Issue Based on the facts, the issue that arises here, what should be considered as the capital loss or capital gain and what should be done about it. Relevant Rules and Laws: Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997 Application: When the auction earnings are lesser than the base cost of the advantage of capital or while the base cost is fewer than the auction income then a capital loss or capital gain is said to take place (Sharkey, 2015). According to section 118 of the ITAA 1997, exceptions are given to the person who pays tax in which he is granted the right to relinquish the capital profit on capital benefits sale of amount of insurance, components of PST, superannuation, undertaking capital amounts and main residence (Woellner et al., 2012). To reduce the gain of capital, indexation and discount are the two methods that are utilized to decrease the capital gain. This is explained in sections 115 and 114 of the Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997. Percentage rate is functional under discounting (Millar, 2016). When a property has attainment date or transported time to the fresh proprietor of the property on which the date is 20, 1985 September then such as asset is acknowledged as pre capital gain asset plus such an asset is subject to exemption from gain of capital. This is contained in Sections 104 to 110 of the ITAA 1997 (Brown, 2013). Mr. Dave sold the dwelling home in which he stayed for more than thirty years plus the date of sale is 27/6/2016. The date of attainment if calculated thirty years reverse shall be 27 1986 June. This cannot be pre capital gain asset in addition to consequently shall not be subject to exemption as per sections 104 110. Capital gain or loss will be = Sale proceeds Cost base = 850,000 70,000 $780,000 is the capital gain Discounted capital gain = $390,000. Capital gain = $390,000 Since the asset of capital is a dwelling house therefore, it is subject to exemption as per section 118 of the ITAA. Conclusively, the gain of capital is not chargeable (Sadiq et al., 2016). The picture of the concerned person Mr. Dave was collected during his lifetime. As per division, 128 156 (6) under the Income Tax Act, 1997 painting is collectable (Sawyer, 2015). If the capital loss is from a collectable then the compensation with the assets loss shall be a collectable barely. The value of sale of the picture was 125,000, dollars which was purchased on 20 September, 1985 for 15000 dollars. This is not considered as a pre capital gain asset. The reason behind this is that the time of attainment was not until 20 September 1985. Capital gain or capital loss = $sale proceeds cost base = $125,000 - $15,000 = $110,000 In this case, the deal is proceeded after September 20, 1999 and the discounting method can be used. Capital gain discounted = $55,000 Taxable value of capital gain = 55,000. In the third case Resources asset is a Motor Cruiser. It was bought in the year 2004 and since it is not a pre capital gain tax asset it will create the liability of tax on the asset of sale. The cruiser was bought for $110,000 and sold for $60,000 Hence, the capital gain or loss = $60,000 - $110,000 = $50,000 capital loss It will be allowed to place off beginning other resources gains or any other sourced income. Auction of dividends also leads to creation of tax accountability. As per this, the stamp duty and brokerage expenses should be added or deducted from the respective purchase or sale. In the given case study, the dividends are purchased and sold in the similar year; hence, the tax shall be calculated in the given current year, that is, 2016. In this, the capital loss or capital gain shall be allowed. The indexation technique shall not be all owed to deduct the capital gain under section 144 of the ITAA as the asset was detained for additional twelve months. However, the discounting technique can be functional to it (Saad, 2014). Sale proceeds = Sale price Brokerage = $80,000 - $750 = $79,250 Purchase price = Cost of acquisition + stamp duty = $75,000 + $250 = $75,250 Capital gain or capital loss = Sale price Purchase price = $79,250 - $75,250 = $4000 Reduced capital gain as per discount method @ 50 percent = $2000 Taxable capital gain = $2000 The interest that is obtained from the loan amount shall not be taxable, as it was not utilised to construct any income under ITAA 1997. However, an expense can be subtracted as per section 8 subsection 1 of the Act, if the expense is created out of an income that is generated. In this case, the interest is not utilised to produce any earnings and consequently it is not to be considered as deduction (Saad, 2014). Total taxable capital gain Capital gain from residence Exempted Capital gain from painting $55,000 Capital loss from motor cruiser ($60,000) Capital gain from shares 2,000 Total Capital loss ($3,000) Brought forward capital loss ($10,000) Total capital loss carried forward ($13,000) Conclusion: On 30th June 2016, there was a capital loss of the price for 3,000 dollars. The carried onward failure from previous years loss is10,000 dollars. Mr. Dave must not sell his asset at a enormous loss as no capital profit can be made from it. Capital gain can be achieved from house but that is excused. To hoard tax in the coming years a dwelling house can be bought and investments can be made that are free from tax and easy to avail (Barkoczy, 2015). Reference List: Barkoczy, S., Foundations of Taxation Law 2015, 6th ed. CCH Australia Brown, C. (2013). Australia-taxation of truststhe problem of aligning concepts of income.Asia-Pacific Tax Bulletin,19(5). Chalmers, J., Carragher, N., Davoren, S., OBrien, P. (2013). Real or perceived impediments to minimum pricing of alcohol in Australia: public opinion, the industry and the law.International Journal of Drug Policy,24(6), 517-523. Frazier, B. (2013). Resource Capital Fund III LP v. Commissioner of Taxation: Partners or the Partnership-Who Is the Relevant Entity under the Avoidance of Double Taxation Convention between the United States and Australia.Tul. J. Int'l Comp. L.,22, 377. Frecknall-Hughes, J., McKerchar, M. (2013). Historical perspectives on the emergence of the tax profession: Australia and the UK.Austl. Tax F.,28, 275. Lang, M. (2014).Introduction to the law of double taxation conventions. Linde Verlag GmbH. Langton, M., Longbottom, J. (Eds.). (2012).Community futures, legal architecture: foundations for Indigenous peoples in the global mining boom. Routledge.